The impact on proposed electrofication in the UK to railway Essay

The effect on proposed electrofication in the UK to railroad framework plan - Essay Example terminations trailed the issue of the Serpell report, which tried to make sure about improved monetary outcomes for the Railways (www.railwaysarchive.co.uk). This has in any case, just prompted street blockage and as indicated by the figures discharged by the Department of nature, transport and the locales (DETR), 7% of the street arrange endures clog and 13% languishes overwhelming clog over at any rate half of the year (DETR, 2000:41). Improvement of the rail system and its charge has been mooted as an answer for the street blockage issue. The activity of rail administrations incorporates the activity of the foundation, for example, the track and motioning, just as the activity of cargo and traveler administrations. This investigation will look at the recommendations for rail jolt in the U.K. what's more, its expected effect, to survey the advantages and expenses, so as to infer an arrangement that can be applied for adjustment of the rail transport organize. The Government has as of late declared an arrangement to burn through  £1 billion to zap the rail lines among London and Swansea (BBC News Report, 2009). Existing diesel lines are likewise proposed to be changed over to electric, on the grounds that the advantages are probably going to be less expensive, cleaner and progressively dependable vehicle. In this way it has been recommended that regardless of the underlying enormous interests in framework that would should be made, it is probably going to be gainful since the venture would pay for itself over a multi year time span and there would be no expansion in admissions. In contending for zapping the rail arrange into Wales, Barry (2009) has contended that rail charge would beneficially affect the economy, in spite of the framework changes that would be required. This framework cost is extensive and has been assessed to be from about  £800,000 to  £1m, while the measure of track that should be secured would be around 90 miles, accordingly carrying the expenses to  £90m. Yet, the advantages which would result incorporate the

Opponents of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Adversaries of Globalization Essay Globalization is a fantasy that any optimist would need yet creating nations have been taking care of private enterprise. Worldwide exchange might be procuring benefits for rich nations yet it likewise decimates social character and further devastates Third World nations. It is inescapable that globalization would homogenize individuals. To have the option to showcase their products, global enterprises need to make â€Å"the same qualities, similar tastes and utilize the equivalent advertising† (Turning Point Project, 2002, para. 3). Taking an interest in worldwide markets additionally requires adjusting to the language of the key players. A real model is when â€Å"an warning commission to the late Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi proposed that English be received as the second official language of Japan† (Kawai, 2003, para. 1). Adjusting the language of a people can straightforwardly cause a country to lose its personality. These endeavors suffocate neighborhood tastes from which local ventures depend on in this way causing the breakdown of national organizations which can bring about additional neediness. To have the option to play in the universal field, creating nations depend on advances from worldwide money related elements to continue profitability. â€Å"Third World nations contract their future by auctioning off vital capital-their characteristic assets (Suzuki, 2003, p. 96). Indeed, Brazil has decided to permit the obliteration of the Amazon woodlands to take care of their advances. Determination to pay the obligations likewise pushes these poor nations to grow a specific harvest when contrasted with their regular inclination to plant the distinctive fundamental food to address the issues of their populace. The move of land away from neighborhood food crops diminishes the gracefully and expands the value, along these lines further ruining the individuals (Gore, 2006, p. 54) . These obligations are in this manner reason challenging. The world is wonderful as a result of social decent variety and every country needs to secures its characteristic assets. Globalization represents a danger to the devastated and ought to be controlled before it further crushes lives.

Ritual Performances in A Midsummer Nights Dream

Running back to the fourteenth century, ceremonial exhibitions assumed incredible jobs in people’s lives since they had confidence in the outcomes in that. Ceremonies and merriments underscore Shakespeare’s works.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Ritual Performances in A Midsummer Night’s Dream explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the festivals that portray the closing setting of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is a transitional experience, a custom that looks to draft Hippolyta who must turn into an Athenian for she is from Amazon which is outside Athens. Be that as it may, Shakespeare utilizes his traditional signs of scripted-ness to accomplish his goal. Romances and play-inside play stand apart prominently in this satire; besides, Shakespeare utilizes signs to make the thought up and the planned to seem regular. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, romances are difficult. As Lysander watches,  "The course of genuine affection never runs smooth† (Shakespeare 134). Lysander’s relationship with Hermia is one that is loaded with incidents. Hermia’s Father picks Demetrius but then his little girl is infatuated with Lysander. The Duke decides for Demetrius requesting Hermia to wed him or experience execution or lifetime purity to the goddess Diana. Helena’s love for Demetrius isn't responded. In the fairies’ world, the sovereign Titania is repelled to her better half since she can't give him her Indian changeling. The circumstance turns out to be so convoluted to a degree of Oberon requesting Puck to oversee a spell on Titania to as far as anyone knows to make her fall for anything she sees upon her awakening gave it is a living animal. In this play, love is offset with awkward nature. Toward the start of the play, two men love Hermia but then she cherishes just one, Lysander. Then again, Helena is madly infatuated with Demetrius who doesn't co nvey even the scarcest inclination for her. After Puck regulates the adoration segment to the two men, first to Lysander who he had thought was Demetrius and later to Demetrius, the men’s consideration goes to Helena. Indeed, even her sweetheart, Lysander, surrenders Hermia. On account of Oberon and Titania, awkwardness comes in when Oberon’s want for the Indian changeling overweighs his adoration for Titania.Advertising Looking for research project on english writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He throws her on a spell that makes her begin to look all starry eyed at the ass-headed Bottom. This exhibits a lopsidedness in nature and appearance (Nostbakken 70). By what method can a sovereign of the pixies begin to look all starry eyed at an ass-confronted Bottom? All things considered, the affection parcel maybe works. By the by, any develop individual familiar with the play will differ with the possibility of the sovereign of pixies succumbing to the ass-confronted Bottom. Utilization of satire that rotates around the issues that defy the characters associated with connections in the play shields the crowd from the feelings that these issues could create. Rather, utilization of silliness guarantees the crowd a fruitful end possibly with the people wedding the affection for their lives. The crowd is shielded from the pressure that accompanies vulnerability. When composing this play, Shakespeare’s point was to make individuals snicker, as it is a parody. This has been very much accomplished through mixing of human torments with humor. Shakespeare imagined this style of writing to get the audience’s consideration and it works very well in accomplishing that reason. The craftsmen’s play that is intended to engage the duke and his recently marry sovereign is a play-inside a-play. The play, in light of Pyramus and Thisbe’s story, speaks to the most significant thou ghts and topics of the principle plot however in a dense structure (Nostbakken 87). Pyramus and Thisbe’s guardians don't support their wedding, a component that contrasts and that of Hermia and Lysander. This play-inside a-play mirrors the disarray in the fundamental play. Just before the wedding, the fairies’ love divide dramatization results into sentiment disarray. Demetrius and Lysander love Helana simultaneously. The sovereign of the pixies, Titania, becomes hopelessly enamored with the ass-headed Bottom. The craftsmen’s play draws out the subjects and thoughts of the principle play plainly and in a silly manner. The play is intended to cause the crowd to comprehend the fundamental play well and it does precisely that. Again, Shakespeare utilized this style of writing to accomplish his regular scripted-ness that underlines his sensational exhibitions that portray his plays. The play-inside a-play component depicted in this piece fits well in the substance o f the entire play. The topic of dream has been utilized broadly in the play to clarify a large number of the odd happenings that whenever taken as reality would not be understandable to the human psyche. â€Å"I have had a fantasy, past the mind of man to state what/dream it was. Man is nevertheless an ass on the off chance that he goes about t’expound this dream† (Shakespeare 37).Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Ritual Performances in A Midsummer Night’s Dream explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bottom uses these words to clarify the ass-headed individual the pixie has transformed him into before. It isn't in the laws of nature for a human to get an ass-head one moment and in the other has returned to the typical human. Base could just consider this to be a fantasy. Hippolyta looks at their wedding days as a fantasy, â€Å"Four days will rapidly soak themselves in night,/Four evenings will rapidly dream away the time† (Shakespeare 8). Four wedding days may appear to be unnatural in nature and to cause them to appear to be less, Hippolyta makes it lighter to the crowd by contrasting the four days with a fantasy that is brief. The survivors of the occasions that happen on that game changing night see the occasions as minor dreams. Demetrius and Lysander struggle over Helena and Titania’s brief relationship isn't intelligible to the people. To shield them from this ridiculous reality, the pixies cause the people to accept that it was nothing to a lesser extent a fantasy. Toward the finish of the play, Puck guidance to the crowd is to accept the play as a fantasy on the off chance that it didn't intrigue them. Shakespeare utilizes this fantasy subject to draw out the comic idea of his play and guarantee that the uncommon happenings in the satire serve to engage the crowd rather than discouraging it. Great and terrible signs accompany what a general public accepts. During when the p lay was being composed, noncompliance to one’s guardians or/and spouse were considered as an awful sign and they would bring about setbacks. Shakespeare’s work mirrors this fantasy in Hermia and Titania’s cases. When Hermia decreases her father’s decision of spouse, a few adversities come to pass for her. The duke rules against her, sentencing her to an execution or lifetime virtue to the goddess Diana. At the point when she runs off with Lysander, the fairies’ love elixir redirects Lysander’s love from her to Helena. At the point when Titania won't give her significant other the Indian changeling, the couple become offended to one another. The spouse feels so affronted that he looks for vengeance by ‘bewitching’ her into cherishing the ass-headed Bottom; she even offers sexual favors to give her warmth for the recently discovered love. This demonstration embarrasses Titania and simultaneously, she loses her Changeling that had been depended to her by the Indian mother. Despite the fact that these examples are just planned in the play, they seem regular in light of the fact that much of the time when one neglects to notice specialists or guardians for the most part end up resembling Hermia and Titania in the story. In the satire, Shakespeare utilizes images to speak to different parts of nature. Pioneers are related with soundness. Theseus and Hippolyta show up in the primary demonstration of the play yet vanish for quite a while after the dimness sets in. They later show up in act four when the sun rises.Advertising Searching for research paper on english writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Theseus and Hippolyta are exceptionally regarded pioneers and must be related with request and solidness. Their long vanishing during the demonstrations that speak to the night occasions shows the impact of their nonattendance as bedlam and confusion rule the scenes during their nonappearance. Their return after dawn sets things all together. The confounded couples can perceive their correct accomplices. The duke and the sovereign later permit them to wed. Most likely, as the familiar aphorism goes, ‘love is blind’ and the adoration elixir utilized here underscores this incredible yet regularly disregarded certainty. It is the wellspring of all the terrible things on that night. Demetrius and Lysander succumb to Helena to the mortification of Titania. The thoughtless organization of the mixture by the pixies makes incredible mischief numerous individuals. This represents the damage that spontaneous and uncontrolled love can cause to the included gatherings. This play is an extraordinary presentation of Shakespeare’s unconventional dramaturgy. In his work, Shakespeare utilized human experience to make his plays. He mixed this with cleverness and verse that gave it an immortal stream. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare utilizes an encounter that was normal back in that time. Guardians picking accomplices for their youngsters, spouses overwhelming over their wives and rulers deciding for antiquated laws hang out in this play. Notwithstanding the experience, Shakespeare utilizes amusingness and verse to give it a light touch. The play is immortal and it has earned Shakespeare extraordinary regard after some time. Normal for Shakespeare’s works, exhibitions underline A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Two exhibitions are all around communicated in the play. These incorporate romance and play-inside a-play. T

A Samurai and a Ninja

The warriors of the pre-modern Japanese period constantly stimulated the enthusiasm of numerous individuals around the globe. Of all the warrior classes on those primitive occasions, there are two sorts of warriors that are known everywhere throughout the world: the good samurai and the secretive ninja.Most of the individuals however, don't have the foggiest idea about the differentiation between a samurai and a ninja. What's more, before knowing the correlation and difference between these two warrior classes, we have to know exactly how they live.Samurais or what the Japanese call a bushi is a warrior that follows a severe good code called bushido. They are respectable warriors that spot respect above anything they have, including their lives.They are what might be compared to medieval England's knights. As expressed, the samurai follow the bushido as their ethical code. Bushido is a conviction on the way of a warrior, or a way of the blade. This implies samurai warriors place resp ect above anything, and would be faithful to their masters whenever, as they would kick the bucket in the line of obligation as opposed to disgrace themselves.This warrior class additionally rehearses Harakiri or Seppuku, a kind of self destruction that a shocking samurai would take so as to recover their lost respect in the afterlife. Samurais wear covering, and are of honorable class; in spite of the fact that the early establishments of the samurai class were initially cultivating families who simply needed to shield their family from intrusions of outlaws and degenerate authorities. Samurai warriors lean toward the utilization of the Japanese katana and a wakizashi as weapons.A katana is a bended blade while the wakizashi is a short sword utilized together with a katana. These two weapons speak to a samurai's respect, as a samurai utilizes the wakizashi to take his life if at any point he had accomplished something offensive. Some samurai figured out how to utilize weapons a lot later on.Samurai are for the most part rigid warriors that would confront peril head on, just to show respect in their work. This very negates the manner in which ninjas do their work.Ninjas are the experts of covertness in the pre-modern times of Japan. They favor secrecy than real showdown with the adversaries. Like the samurai, ninjas follow a specific ruler, however not at all like the previous, ninjas are controlled for various reasons. Ninjas are prepared by their group in â€Å"ways of the shadow†.This implies that ninjas are ideal for secret activities and deaths. With regards to battling, ninjas depend on light-footed, speedy strikes to immobilize or murder adversaries. They likewise use shuriken as tossing operators, regularly canvassed in toxic substance to amplify their effect.Ninjas have not been viewed as a warrior class in their initial days, and ninjutsu (ninja strategies) were not constantly thought to be a craftsmanship. The administrations of a ninja were likewise similar to that of a soldier of fortune, as opposed to the good administrations offered by the dependable samurai.In the early establishments of the ninja class, they are ranchers or extraordinarily prepared people prepared to counter the decision samurai elites. They are their immediate partners, since the samurai Bushido code don't allow the utilization of covertness and guerilla strategies that the ninja class most ordinarily use for assassinations.[1]To sum up everything, ninjas and samurai are the equivalent as far as the way that they follow a primitive ruler. They are likewise all around prepared and follow their own particular manners of fighting.Their contrast lies by they way they execute the orders of their master. Samurai place respect over their lives and will kick the bucket taking on in a reasonable conflict. Ninjas are employed warriors that do deaths and dull activities for their primitive master. Genuinely, they are brilliant warrior classes that will keep on intriguing individuals around the world.Works CitedHayes Stephen K. The Mystic Arts of the Ninja, 1985

Tips For Writing Reflective Essays

Tips For Writing Reflective EssaysWriting reflective essays can be fun, but it also requires discipline and a bit of time. What do you need to know before beginning? Here are some tips.First, make sure you understand what the purpose of a reflective essay is. You may have thought that the purpose is to find out how much the reader knows about the subject at hand. This is not really what the purpose is. A reflective essay is supposed to take the reader on a journey. You are supposed to allow the reader to reflect upon his or her own life, and to learn something from the reflections.Second, if you want to write a reflective essay, you will need to have some good ideas. Once you have the idea, you will need to write down some outlines. This is where you go back to the beginning and brainstorm, as well as analyze the information you have gathered so far. You should not limit yourself to just one outline; keep up a running, as it allows you to add more ideas as they arise.Third, you will need to pay attention to various aspects of your life. How much do you know about yourself? What is the state of your finances? Do you know the basics of your personal relationships?Fourth, writing is an essential part of reflecting. You will need to write your thoughts out and not just let them slip into the ether. You may need to write them down. Remember to take down your notes so that you can reference them as you are writing.Be aware that your writing will not come out perfect. Sometimes the story is not right. Sometimes the questions you ask are not exactly ones you asked. Sometimes you get carried away and your essay turns out long and rambling.However, you need to know that if you allow these things to happen, you will regret it. You will be continually wondering if the things you had written were good enough. You will always be thinking about how to improve your work, as you cannot write about anything without considering the subject carefully.Reflecting is one of the most important things in your life. It is a way of becoming better at life and of opening up your understanding of yourself. It also helps you to become more resilient in the face of negative influences. Writing reflective essays is a form of self-improvement.

Capital Punishment Discovering New Perspectives - Free Essay Example

Introduction Plainly speaking, and dispensing with all paraphrases, punishment is nothing but a means of society to defend itself against the infraction of its vital conditions, whatever may be their character. In the present time, Capital Punishment is one of the most criticized and debated punishment. Jurists are of the view that the death penalty serves an immoral purpose which is â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment. The deliberate and conscious action of the state in taking of human life is decadent to human personality. The capital punishment has been practiced over centuries across the globe, we can notice few developments from the late 20th century towards abolition of the death penalty. However, the major developed countries are still retentionists. In India, after the Bachan Singh case, setting the standard of â€Å"rarest of rare case†, making it more just and precise. The Supreme Court in the Bachan Singh case, had noted that life imprisonment is a rule and death penalty is an exception, which must be awarded only after following certain guidelines considering the fact of cases and the graveness of the culpability and collective conscience of the community. What question lies here is the constitutionality of the Death Penalty and the effect it has on the society at large and prospective criminals. For this we need to understand the reason for existence of Death Penalty. Jurists have propounded theories that death penalty acts as a major deterrence to prospective criminals, based on the fear of punishment. In the nature of punishments awarded, death penalty can be stated as the strongest deterrent, because the fear of losing their own life in the minds of potential offenders, deters them to perform such actions. Not only the potential offenders, but also the criminals that are being awarded the Death Penalty, are being deterred by the virtue of incapacitation to perform such acts again. Also, with death penalty one could save the lives of the prospective victims. Executing one murderer, with a view of protecting the rights of the prospective victims seems to be much reasonable than protecting the life of the murderer by awarding life imprisonment. Historical Background of Death Penalty As a matter of fact, Capital punishment is not unknown to us. Capital punishment was a method of severe deterrence in the society back then. Though we know that death penalty existed in oral forms in primitive time period used to punish crimes of murder, theft, arbitrarily used by the king, the death penalty was first written down in the eighteenth century B.C. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon. In the later years, European settlers introduced Death Penalty in America. The 1st execution was by Captain Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608. In United States, first state to abolish the Death Penalty was Michigan except treason in 1846. Later on, Rhode Island and Wisconsin abolished death penalty for all crimes. By the end of 18th century Venezuela, Portugal, Netherland, Costa, Rica, Brazil follows for abolition of death penalty. Looking at the history of death penalty in India, the Indian Constitution has taken various features and principles from various other constitutions. The pre-constitution history and the constituent assembly debates have an imminent impact on the outlook towards the capital punishment. It can be said that the Assembly debates had taken into consideration the impact of capital punishment on poverty, discrimination and the possibility of error. When the British Government had executed Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru, the Congress had moved a resolution in Karachi session for abolition of death penalty. With adoption of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 and Indian Penal Code, 1860, the IPC prescribed six punishments that could be imposed under the law, inclusive of death penalty. However, the position of death penalty significantly changed in 1955 equalizing the status of death penalty and life imprisonment in capital crimes. The 35th law commission report recommended that, Having regard, however, to the conditions in India, to the variety of the social upbringing of its inhabitants, to the disparity in the level of morality and education in the country, to the vastness of its area, to the diversity of its population and to the paramount need for maintaining law and order in the country at the present juncture, India cannot risk the experiment of abolition of capital punishment.   With advent of time, the judicial syst em of India encountered various cases and instances which are now looked upon as precedent for deciding crucial matters, in context to death penalty as a punishment. Judicial Comments on Death Penalty The apex court has observed and set down certain principles, which need to be followed while awarding a death sentence. However, abolitionists are of the view that with implementation of the death penalty, it violates the essence of human living and the basic fundamental right to live guaranteed by Article 21 . The same was discussed in the case of Jagmohan Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh . The parties to the case discussed the reasonability of the death penalty in regard to the judicial verdict and circumstances of the case. The pleader for the convict argued the constitutional validity of the death penalty. With discussions of morality and death penalty, the court had come to the conclusion that the Section 302 and 303 of Indian Penal Code are constitutionally valid. However, in the case of Ediga Anamma v. State of Andhra Pradesh , the judges held that: â€Å"A legal policy on life or death cannot be left for ad hoc mood or individual predilection and so we have sought to objectify to the extent possible, abandoning retributive ruthlessness, amending the deterrent creed and accenting the trend against the extreme and irrevocable penalty of putting out life.† Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer in the above case recognized the need to abolish the death penalty and sought the view of India being progressive and the need to value the human life and dignity. Subsequently, in the landmark case of Bachan Singh v State of Punjab , once again the validity of death penalty was challenged on the grounds that it is violative of Article 19. However, the judges had noticed that the fundamental rights are not absolute rights and the absoluteness must not be imposed upon the penal law. They also stated out that life imprisonment was a rule and death penalty was and exception, only to be awarded in the ‘rarest of rare case’ considering the aggravating and mitigating factors leading to the crime. In the landmark case of Mithu v. State of Punjab , where the Section 303, IPC was struck down as unconstitutional, on the grounds that it did not provide for any alternative punishment for murder except than the death penalty. The judgement considerably discussed the differences between Section 302 and 303 of IPC and how the principle laid down in the Bachan Singh case becomes meaningless if the death penalty is imposed regardless of the circumstances. They found the classification between a person committing murder already under sentence and a person committing murder not under any sentence baseless and irrational. Thus, they did not find any merits and justification for prescribing a mandatory sentence of death, and struck Section 303 of IPC as unconstitutional. International Trends and India The perspective towards the Death Penalty has evolved over past decades. Many countries have come forward and actively abolished or minimized the use of Death penalty from law or practice. Even those who retain it have set certain standards, reducing the use of the death penalty. According to Amnesty International statistics, at the end of 2014, 98 countries were abolitionist for all crimes, seven countries were abolitionist for ordinary crimes only, and 35 were abolitionist in practice, making 140 countries in the world abolitionist in law or practice. The list of 140 countries includes three that formally abolished the death penalty in 2015, i.e., Suriname, Madagascar and Fiji. 58 countries are regarded as retentionist, who still have the death penalty on their statute book, and have used it in the recent past. Though the number of 58 seems to be minority, it includes the populous countries like India, China, United States of America, exposing a large population to the punishment. With regard to capital punishment, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), is one of the important documents discussing the status of Capital punishment and international human rights law. The Article 6 of the ICCPR does not rule out the use of Capital punishment in its totality, but guarantees right to life, which in parts contradicts the use of death penalty. It was found that certain practices of implementing capital punishment were inhumane, cruel and violative of the basic human right to live with a dignified life. UN Resolution A/RES/69/186 and UN Resolution A/HRC/36/L.6 have focused on minimizing the use of the death penalty and ensuring safeguards for different sects of the society. For instances, in UN Resolution A/HRC/36/L.6 operative clause 3 discourages the use of arbitrariness and discriminatory application of law in use of death penalty. The resolutions specifically discuss about how the death penalty must not be used against mentally or intellectually challenged persons, people below the age of 18, pregnant women and not as a tool for dissuading specific forms of conduct such as apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and consensual same-sex relations. As an extension to ICCPR, the Second Optional Protocol aiming at abolition of death penalty is the only direct treaty towards this action. India ratified the ICCPR and the Second Optional Protocol, following the ‘rarest of rare case’ situations and setting high parameters to be fulfilled for awarding death penalty. In India, domestic legislation is required to make international treaties enforceable in Indian law. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1994, incorporates the ICCPR into India law through section 2(d) and 2(f). The threshold of â€Å"most serious and heinous crimes† set by the International treaties and conventions have certainly limited the scope. Evidently, 140 countries have already abolished the penalty of death indicating a strong front for the movement against this inhumane practice. India, setting the principle of â€Å"rarest of rare case† has taken a step towards ceasing the misuse of the death penalty. However, we can deduce from the movement towards abolition that there exists no direct link between insurgency or terrorism. Countries like Nepal, who abolished Death penalty in 1990, retained its stance even when it underwent a civil war. The political will of a country is not directly linked with its socio-economic condition. The morality shapes the ideology and the decision to abolish or retain.

autism therapy Essay - 642 Words

Albert Einstein, a world genius behind the famous E=mc ², Ludwig Van Beethoven and Wolfgang Mozart, the two great maestros who altered the face of classical music, and Keanu Reeves, a versatile Hollywood actor who rose to the ranks of fame and fortune: great achievements by great people. All these men have two things in common. History, that each of them had made in their own fields, and gifts, that have driven them to their fullest. Who would have thought that their being â€Å"extraordinary† could bring them this far? Very little is known that these persons were not as â€Å"great† as the others when they were still young. Sadly, they were even less to some who consider themselves higher than the rest. Why? Because unlike others, Albert, Ludwig,†¦show more content†¦They may exhibit repeated body movements like hand flapping, rocking or unusual responses to people or attachments to objects, and resist any changes in routines. In some cases, aggressive and/o r self-injurious behavior may be even present. Certain behavioral, educational, and pharmacological interventions have been demonstrated to be helpful for many individuals with autism, however, there is currently no cure for the disorder. In this great pursuit to find a solution to the difficulty brought by Autism, both for the individual and the care givers, discoveries on symptomatic interventions for autism emerged. Some of which are sensory-motor therapies, facilitated communication, auditory integration training, and sensory integration therapy. Even those who have directly or indirectly encountered this condition were involved in this constant search for answer. Two of them were Martha Welch and Temple Grandin. Dr. Martha Welch coined that a mother’s restraint and holding of a child would lead to normal responses to maternal cues and nurturing interactions and would put an end to the child’s avoidant behavior. Holding therapy caught wide-spread attention when Dr. Welch began using it as a means of working with children with autism (www.autism-pdd.net/treaforme.html). Temple Grandin, on the other hand, is an adult with autism who has written two books about her life: â€Å"Emergence Labeled Autistic†,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthose healing methods is Music Therapy. Music Therapy has been shown to help many people of all age groups, a specific group being children with autism. It helps benefit children with autism by improving their communication and social skills. Just simply listening to music calms and puts the brain at ease. Music Therapy is beneficial to this specific group because though they may have deficits socially, they show none when it comes to musical affect. This form of therapy allows autistic children toRead MoreAutism And The Effects Of Art Therapy1850 Words   |  8 Pages Autism and the Effects of Art Therapy Autism is a disorder in early brain development that effects social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive disorders (Pace, Dumortier, Favre-Juvin, Guinot, Bricout, 2016). It is recognized that children with ASD have difficulties with social engagements and expressing emotions, however some are well liked and do not struggle in social relationships (Locke, Williams, Shih, Kasari, 2016). Over time there has been an increaseRead MoreMusic Therapy Autism Literature Review3110 Words   |  13 PagesIndividuals with autism show equal or increased abilities in pitch processing, labeling of emotions in music, and musical preference when compared to typically†developing peers. The most compelling evidence supporting the clinical benefits of music therapy lies in the areas of social†emotional responsiveness and communication including increased compliance, reduced anxiety, increase speech output, decreased vocal stereotypy, receptive labeling, and increased interaction with peers. PreliminaryRead MoreMusic Therapy for Children with Autism: Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesa setting with someone with autism spectrum disorder, music therapists make use of music as an educational tool to encourage learning. One of the purposes of music therapy for someone with autism is to provide the student with an initial assistance using melodious and rhythmic strategies, followed by fading of musical cues to assist in simplification and transfer to other learning environments. Music therapy has been proven to decrease symptoms of children with autism, and could even facilitate motivationRead MoreMusic Therapy Use For Autism Spectrum Disorder3381 Words   |  14 PagesMusic Therapy Use for Autism Spectrum Disorder According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with autism. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child’s ability to communicate and interact with others (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Individuals who suffer from this disorder are often hindered by behaviors that keep them from properly functioning in their everyday lives. It is hard for a child with autism to formRead MoreMusic Therapy For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder1699 Words   |  7 Pageslife. This special kind of creativity can help some children on the autism spectrum with regulating behaviors, help them cope with anxieties and frustration, and improve focus and attention. This art may also help a child to socially interact with their peers. May also help a non-verbal child to open up and begin to communicate, whether it would be verbally or non verbally (New Hope for Autism: Music Therapy for Children with Autism and Asperger s Syndrome). Now imagine that you were a parent whoRead MorePhysical Therapy For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder952 Words   |  4 PagesThis article was written by Judy Wang, PT, and DPT, and focuses on physical therapy can be a great way to treat children with autism spectrum disorder I with significant social, communicative, and behavioral challenges but communication is the one they have the most difficult with. The physical therapist help the kids gain more confident in the skills that they can use it future. Pediatric physical therapists design the treatment so that their movements that they use in social participation are loweredRead MoreThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesFrom 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since (Reschke-Hernà ¡ndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed rehabilitation, for self-expression, for psychological improvement and alsoRead More Physical-Based Intervention Therapies For Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1616 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is not one specific disorder, but a group of disorders that have similar behavioral characteristic, such as difficulty with communication and socialization. The cause of ASD is still unknown but there are studies that indicate there may a genetic or environmental component. More specifically, ASD can cause limitations in intellectual abilities as well as difficulties with attention and motor coordination. ASD is usually identified during the first three years of lifeRead MoreDefining Autism and Music Therapy2291 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In many parts of the world Autism is a very common disease especially in countries like United Kingdom and North America. Given below are some of the ratios of this disease in different countries: In United Kingdom: the ratio is 1 in 167 on average (Norris et al., 2006) In Canada: the ratio is 1 in 147 on average (Norris et al., 2006) In India: the ratio is 1 in 250 on average (Autism Society, 2011) In United States: the ratio is 1 in 110 on average (Centers for Disease Control

Sexual Identity Development - 1056 Words

D’Augelli’s Model of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Development There are several theorists that have presented models on sexual identity development. Many of the models have stages of sexual identity development suggesting that certain characteristics are present during a specific period. However, Anthony D’Augelli presents a model that suggests processes rather than stages. These processes take place over the span of one’s life and not necessarily in any specific order or fashion. D’Augelli’s (1994a) life span model of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) identity development takes into account â€Å"the complex factors that influence the development of people in context over historical time† (Evans et al, 2010). According to D’Augelli’s (1994)†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The exiting heterosexual identity process requires a realization that one’s feelings and attractions are not heterosexual as well as informing others that one is lesbian, gay or bisexual. Developing a personal LGB id entity status involves determining for oneself the unique meaning being gay lesbian or bisexual will have in one’s life. Developing an LGB social identity consists of creating a support network of people who know and accept one’s sexual orientation. Becoming an LGB offspring involves disclosing one’s identity to parents and redefining one’s relationship after such disclosure. Developing an LGB intimacy status is the process of establishing an intimate relationship. When individuals enter an LGB community they make varying degrees of commitment to social and political action† (Evans et al, 2010). It’s important to note that individuals can experience any of these phases at any given time during one’s life. A number of researchers have documented many different patterns of LGBShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Sexual Identity Development1243 Words   |  5 Pages The sexual orientation identity development is a theoretical model that conceptualized the resolution of internal conflict related to the formation of individual sexual identity. For sexual minority people, it is commonly known as the coming-out process (Bilodeau Renn 2005). There have been many different models elaborated to explain such process. All of them share similar stages: awareness, crisis, and acceptance (Loiacano 1989). When individuals become aware of their queer feelings and attractionRead MoreSexual Identity And Adolescent Development Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAcquiring a sexual identity is very important and critical to the development of adolescents. While neither sexual or gender identity has anything to do with an individuals’ physical anatomy itself, both have separate, individual meanings. According to genderspectrum.org, gender identity is a reflection and realization of â€Å"one’s internal sense of self as male, female, both or neither†. On the other hand, in regards to sexual identity and adolescents, this involves figuring out whom they find themselvesRead MoreSexual Orientation Identity And Its Influence On Student Development1376 Words   |  6 Pagesremain aware of how students and their identities are evolving. Higher education is constantly evolving, which is why it is extremely important to take sexual orientation identity and its influence on student development into account. In this paper, I will explore Fassinger’s (1998) sexual orientation identity model and provide an analysis of the theory. I will also share my findings from three interviews with students who are in different stages of sexual identity formation. Finally, I will addressRead MoreEssay on Impact the Development of Sexual and Gender Identity2122 Words   |  9 PagesImpact the Development of Sexual and Gender Identity Introduction It is hard for me to pinpoint the beginning of my sexual awareness. Throughout my rearing, questions about sex were never brought to my parents. However, my parents, family, media, social/educational, past relationships and religious upbringing had an impacted on the development of my sexual and gender identity. Looking back over my life, I realize my initial ideas and influences about my sexual and gender identity developedRead MoreSexual Identity And Development : The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender1542 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Identity Development The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community has never received as much attention as they are right now. Much of this attention is stemming from this population struggling to obtain the same rights given to the remainder of the population. The LGBT community faces many challenges in their personal system, social environment, and then in the public system. In working with the LGBT population, the social worker needs to examine how the individual viewsRead MoreHormones And Levels Of These Hormones1583 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluences our sexual orientation. To bolster these findings Bailey et al. (2000) cite researchers who have explored regions of the brain that are sexually dimorphic (areas that are notably different in men and women). Bailey et al. (2000) cites that in 1976 Dorner identified two brain regions in rats that he implicated in sexual behavior for rats. In males he credited the medial pre-optic anterior hypothalamus (mPOA) and in female rats the area he be lieved to be responsible for normal sexual behaviorRead MorePerceptions And Understanding Of Self And Others, By Laura Wade And Crouch, Touch, Pause,2808 Words   |  12 Pageson some level or another, all of us answer, either discursively or through day- to-day† (Giddens, 1991, p.80). Identity is a powerful umbrella radiating through the ever more challenging, fast paced living, and diversification of the present contemporary world, under which humanity ‘categorises’ individuals. More specifically, the current state of personal, political and social identity as depicted through recent plays such as ‘Posh’ by Laura Wade and ‘Crouch, Touch, Pause, Engage’ by Robin SoanRead MoreThe Concept Of Sexual Orientation1293 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of sexual orientation, especially as it is studied and presented in large, population-based and school-based adolescent survey literature. Specifically, the study examined methodology and instrumen tation used for the assessment and measurement of youth sexual orientation present in refereed literature. Of the forty-eight empirical studies, five included items that assessed all three dimensions of sexual orientation. The majority of studies used surveys that exclusively assessed sexual orientationRead MoreGay, Straight, And The Reason About Sexual Orientation1236 Words   |  5 Pagesvariations of human sexual orientation. More same-sex couples have fostered children than ever before in our nation s history. Institutions such as military and professional sports have (slowly but surely) began to accept openly gay members. Most importantly, a recent amendment to the Marriage Act of 1961 now defines marriage as a union of two people; an amendment which removed the prohibition of same-sex marriages. These landmarks in the progression of social awareness surrounding sexual orientationRead MoreThe Role Of Self Identity For Adolescents939 Words   |  4 Pagesclassified as one of the most challenging and significant stage during life transition. In this phrase, the individuals not only developing physical and sexual maturation but also experiencing the development of identity and transitions into social and economic independence (WHO, 2014). This essay will discuss the different concept of self-identity for adolescents, the important predictable and unpredictable elements during the transition, as well as the nurses’ role in relation to adolescence care

The History of Llamas and Alpacas in South America

The largest domesticated animals in South America are the camelids, quadruped animals which played a central role in the economic, social, and ritual lives of past Andean hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers. Like domesticated quadrupeds in Europe and Asia, South American camelids were first hunted as prey before being domesticated. Unlike most of those domesticated quadrupeds, however, those wild ancestors are still living today. Four Camelids Four camels, or more precisely camelids, are recognized in South America today, two wild and two domesticated. The two wild forms, the larger guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the daintier vicuà ±a (Vicugna vicugna) diverged from a common ancestor some two million years ago, an event unrelated to domestication. Genetic research indicates that the smaller alpaca (Lama pacos L.), is the domesticated version of the smaller wild form, the vicuà ±a; while the larger llama (Lama glama L) is the domesticated form of the larger guanaco. Physically, the line between llama and alpaca has been blurred as a result of deliberate hybridization between the two species over the last 35 years or so, but that hasnt stopped researchers from getting to the heart of the matter. All four of the camelids are grazers or browser-grazers, although they have different geographic distributions today and in the past. Historically and in the present, the camelids were all used for meat and fuel, as well as wool for clothing and a source of string for making  quipu and baskets. The Quechua (the state language of the Inca) word for dried camelid meat is charki, Spanish charqui, and the etymological progenitor of the English term jerky. Llama and Alpaca Domestication The earliest evidence for domestication of both llama and alpaca comes from archaeological sites located in the Puna region of the Peruvian Andes, at between ~4000–4900 meters (13,000–14,500 feet) above sea level. At Telarmachay Rockshelter, located 170 kilometers (105 miles) northeast of Lima, faunal evidence from the long-occupied site traces an evolution of human subsistence related to the camelids. The first hunters in the region (~9000–7200 years ago), lived on generalized hunting of guanaco, vicuà ±a and huemul deer. Between 7200–6000 years ago, they switched to specialized hunting of guanaco and vicuà ±a. Control of domesticated alpacas and llamas was in effect by 6000–5500 years ago, and a predominant herding economy based on llama and alpaca was established at Telarmachay by 5500 years ago. Evidence for domestication of llama and alpaca accepted by scholars include changes in dental morphology, the presence of fetal and neonatal camelids in archaeological deposits, and an increasing reliance on camelids indicated by the frequency of camelid remains in deposits. Wheeler has estimated that by 3800 years ago, the people at Telarmachay based 73% of their diet on camelids. Llama (Lama glama, Linnaeus 1758) The llama is the larger of the domestic camelids and resembles the guanaco in almost all aspects of behavior and morphology. Llama is the Quechua term for L. glama, which is known as qawra by Aymara speakers. Domesticated from the guanaco in the Peruvian Andes some 6000–7000 years ago, the llama was moved into lower elevations by 3,800 years ago, and by 1,400 years ago, they were kept in herds on the northern coasts of Peru and Ecuador. In particular, the Inca used llamas to move their imperial pack trains into southern Colombia and central Chile. Llamas range in height from 109–119 centimeters (43–47 inches) at the withers, and in weight from 130–180 kilograms (285–400 pounds). In the past, llamas were used as beasts of burden, as well as for meat, hides, and fuel from their dung. Llamas have upright ears, a leaner body, and less wooly legs than the alpacas. According to Spanish records, the Inca had a hereditary caste of herding specialists, who bred animals with specific colored pelts for sacrificing to different deities. Information on flock size and colors are believed to have been kept using the quipu. Herds were both individually-owned and communal. Alpaca (Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758) The alpaca is considerably smaller than the llama, and it most resembles the vicuà ±a in aspects of social organization and appearance. Alpacas range from 94–104 cm (37–41 in) in height and about 55–85 kg (120–190 lb) in weight. Archaeological evidence suggests that, like llamas, alpacas were domesticated first in the Puna highlands of central Peru about 6,000–7,000 years ago. Alpacas were first brought to lower elevations about 3,800 years ago and are in evidence at coastal locales by 900–1000 years ago. Their smaller size rules out their use as beasts of burden, but they have a fine fleece that is prized throughout the world for its delicate, light-weight, cashmere-like wool that comes in a range of colors from white, through fawn, brown, gray, and black. Ceremonial Role in South American Cultures Archaeological evidence suggests that both llamas and alpacas were part of a sacrificial rite in Chiribaya culture sites such as El Yaral, where naturally mummified animals were found buried beneath house floors. Evidence for their use in Chavà ­n culture sites such as Chavà ­n de Huà ¡ntar is somewhat equivocal but seems likely. Archaeologist Nicolas Goepfert found that, among the Mochica at least, only domestic animals were part of sacrificial ceremonies. Kelly Knudson and colleagues studied camelid bones from Inca feasts at Tiwanaku in Bolivia and identified evidence that camelids consumed in the feasts were just as often from outside the Lake Titicaca region as local. Evidence that llama and alpaca were what made the extensive trade along the huge Inca road network possible has been known from historical references. Archaeologist Emma Pomeroy investigated the robusticity of human limb bones dated between 500–1450 CE from the site of San Pedro de Atacama in Chile and used that to identify traders involved in those camelid caravans, particularly after the collapse of Tiwanaku. Modern Alpaca and Llama Herds Quechua and Aymara-speaking herders today subdivide their herds into llama-like (llamawari or waritu) and alpaca-like (pacowari or wayki) animals, depending on physical appearance. Crossbreeding of the two has been attempted to increase the amount of alpaca fiber (higher quality), and fleece weight (a llama characteristics). The upshot has been to decrease the quality of alpaca fiber from a pre-conquest weight similar to cashmere to a thicker weight which fetches lower prices in international markets. Sources Chepstow-Lusty, Alex J. Agro-Pastoralism and Social Change in the Cuzco Heartland of Peru: A Brief History Using Environmental Proxies. Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 570–82. Print.Fehrens-Schmitz, Lars, et al. Climate Change Underlies Global Demographic, Genetic, and Cultural Transitions in Pre-Columbian Southern Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.26 (2014): 9443–8. Print.Garcà ­a, Marà ­a Elena. The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Perus Gastronomic Boom. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18.3 (2013): 505–24. Print.Goepfert, Nicolas. The Llama and the Deer: Dietary and Symbolic Dualism in the Central Andes. Anthropozoologica 45.1 (2010): 25–45. Print.Grant, Jennifer. Of Hunting and Herding: Isotopic Evidence in Wild and Domesticated Camelids from the Southern Argentine Puna (2120–420 years BP). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (2017): 29–37. Print.Knud son, Kelly J., Kristin R. Gardella, and Jason Yaeger. Provisioning Inka Feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: The Geographic Origins of Camelids in the Pumapunku Complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 479–91. Print.Lopez, Gabriel E. J., and Federico Restifo. Middle Holocene Intensification and Domestication of Camelids in North Argentina, as Tracked by Zooarchaeology and Lithics. Antiquity 86.334 (2012): 1041–54. Print.Marà ­n, J. C., et al. Y-Chromosome and Mtdna Variation Confirms Independent Domestications and Directional Hybridization in South American Camelids. Animal Genetics 48.5 (2017): 591–95. Print.Pomeroy, Emma. Biomechanical Insights into Activity and Long Distance Trade in the South-Central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40.8 (2013): 3129–40. Print.Russell, Grant. Determining South American Camelid Domestication through Skeletal Morphology. Rutgers University, 2017. Print.Smith, Scott C., and Maribel Pà ©rez Arias. From Bodies to Bones: Death and Mobility in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Antiquity 89.343 (2015): 106–21. Print.Valverde, Guido, et al. Ancient DNA Analysis Suggests Negligible Impact of the Wari Empire Expansion in Peru’s Central Coast During the Middle Horizon. PLoS ONE (2016). Print.Yacobaccio, Hugo D., and Bibiana L. Vilà ¡. A Model for Llama (Lama Glama Linnaeus, 1758) Domestication in the Southern Andes. Anthropozoologica 51.1 (2016): 5–13. Print.

The Problem Of Crime And Crime - 1904 Words

Before we can discuss the causes of crime, it is first necessary to determine what we mean by the word â€Å"crime†. The legal definition of crime refers to â€Å"an action or omission which constitutes an offence† and involves some sort of punishment – but as we will go on to explore, this definition fails to capture the full complexity of the concept of crime. Likewise, the question of â€Å"what causes crime† has generated a multifocal body of criminological work. This paper will demonstrate that it is virtually impossible to pinpoint a single cause of crime that is applicable across all categories of crime, ranging from sexual offences to white-collar crime, and although existing theories do give us a good foundation for investigation, they are limited in this sense. This discussion will begin with a brief unpacking of our conception of â€Å"crime†, followed by an evaluation of various crime theories and perspectives with particular focus on m ale violence as a cause of crime, an area that took criminologists twenty years to begin exploring after feminist pressure. The legal definition of crime simply points to punishable offences in statute and takes no account of crime as a â€Å"social construction† – this is the idea that it is not some quality of the act that renders it criminal, rather it is the reaction of society, a viewpoint central to Becker’s Labelling Theory . What we understand as â€Å"crime† is not inherently criminal and has been shaped by society. As Muncie asserts, â€Å"crime hasShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Crime And Crime960 Words   |  4 Pages Crime is one of the most major problems not only in the United States but around the world. There are many root causes for crimes that are committed . For example, root causes such as; parental inadequacy, conflict, criminality, lack of communication, lack of respect and responsibility, the abuse and neglect of children, and family violence are reasons for why some crimes are committed. Moreover, most people believe that poverty, family background, low self-esteem, alcohol are as well factorsRead MoreThe Problem Of Crime And Crime1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe way that people analyze crime has evolved throughout history and has many different forms. Today, I am going to briefly explain some of the different theories that are used to study the subject of crime and criminality. What I will be evaluating these theories against will be small scale property crime such as theft. Anomie theory states that with the idea of the American dream and economic success that the stress created by not meeting the â€Å"American Dream† standard creates strain (Merton, 2013)Read MoreThe Problem Of Crime Rate1703 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Crime is a big problem in the world. Many believe that nothing can be done to prevent it. The crime rates are increasing rapidly all around the world. Crime is not easy to completely remove from our society. For many years Scientist and psychologists have argued over whether upbringing forms of a child’s behavior or whether they are born with a personality disorder, or could it be the way their brain is set up or their body type? Society may never really know all the causes of this criminalRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Crime978 Words   |  4 Pagesfocuses on the social problem computer crime, but more specifically identity theft. In this paper, I analyzed six different articles from various sources. I chose cyber crime as my topic because I have an interest in computers and coding. I also like to watch documentaries and a television show on cybercrime scene investigations. Analyzing articles on this topic will help me develop further knowledge on this topic and how it is co nsidered a social problem in our society. Computer crime refers to any violationRead MoreThe Problem Of Teenage Crime878 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage crime is a very important problem that the united states is facing these days. It erodes our country economically and morally. The government, along with parents are still trying to come up with a solution to this international problem. Rising aggression, especially among teenagers is very harmful to the society as a whole, and their reasons behind this are more compound and more complex then we could ever imagine. The majority of Crimes committed by teenagers includes gang violence, theftRead MoreThe Problem Of Crime Rates968 Words   |  4 PagesOverview of the Problem I currently the Chief of Police in Savannah, Georgia and the problem that our city in currently facing is an increase in the crime rate in the city especially in the area of violent crimes. Violent crime rose 8.8 percent in 2014 over the previous year with robberies and shooting accounting for most of those crimes. The city reported 32 homicides in 2014, which was two more than 2013, and the number of rapes increased from 49 to 64. The City Manager and City Council hasRead MoreThe Problem Of Violent Crime1505 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION Violent crime is a serious problem and could not to be neglected in present society. It means all incidents of wounding and assault with or without injury in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (ONS, 2015).  The crime rate in Liverpool was about 90.86 per 1000 population in police record by the end of June 2015 (HO, 2015). According to Liverpool City Council (2015), the violence rate per 1000 population was increase 16.6% from 2013 to 2014 and reach 10.2 from April 2014 to MarchRead MoreCrime : A Social Problem1205 Words   |  5 PagesCrime: A Social Problem In 2013 it was reported that every person living in the United States will be a victim of a crime at some point in their lives (Macionis. 2015). A staggering statistic, crime is undoubtedly a significant problem in modern day society. To thoroughly combat this social issue, it is essential for researchers to study who is affected by crime, where and how often it occurs, and especially why it occurs. The reason Crime occurs can best be studied using the two theoretical approachesRead MoreThe Problem Of Violent Crime1319 Words   |  6 PagesViolent crime is a completely human characteristic. It has dominated our history books, been sensationalized by the media and created a pervasive fear which dominates our culture. Is there a way to possibly prevent violent crime? Neurocriminology, a classification of criminology centered on neuroscience and its relationship between the causes and cures of crime, may have the answer to that question. Adrian Raine, a criminal psychologist for more than thirty years, proposes that criminal behaviorRead MoreCrime Is A Serious Problem1487 Words   |  6 PagesPolicing and fighting crime are two terms often associated together. Crime is a serious problem in cities and a lot of people are affected by it. Victims, criminals and their families are touched by the outcomes of crime. Crime has increased over the years and is continuing to do so. The city of Memphis has experienced a great increase of crime. Memphis Police have developed initiatives to reduce crime, using federally funded programs. Unfortunately, crime problems such as theft, assaults and homicide

The Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide - 1505 Words

Having an elderly family member fall ill to a critical illness can be devastating for the family and friends of that person. Although it is ultimately up to the patient - if they are mentally capable - to decide to have an assisted suicide death, which could cause several issue with the family members. Or if the child of the ill or elderly parent has to decide whether their mom or dad should go forward with active euthanasia, could also cause some issues amongst the family. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a way for family members and friends to be able to say their goodbyes to their loved one and know that they won’t be suffering for much longer. First, this essay is going to explore what euthanasia and assisted suicide is, and what the†¦show more content†¦The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek word, meaning â€Å"good death†. Diaconescu (2012) also mentions that euthanasia is compassionate killing to relive the pains of a person whose death is inevi table due to an incurable disease. According to the Canadian Criminal Code section 241: â€Å"Every one who (a) counsels a person to commit suicide, or (b) aids or abets a person to commit suicide, whether suicide ensues or not, is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding fourteen years.† (Criminal Code). However, as of February 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada has decided under certain conditions - which become null in 12 months, to allow someone who is ill and suffering to end their life (Stone, 2015). People, who are suffering from an incurable disease and are facing an inevitable death in their future, now have the right to die with dignity, which is a big achievement in the healthcare world. â€Å"People will have a choice† (Stone, 2015). Many people who are now suffering are relieved to hear that they now have a choice to die with dignity, rather than suffering until they die naturally. Many people have a difference in opinion, but when it comes to making decisions for your own health care, only your opinion matters. However, differences of opinions will start to clash

Hester Prynne 2 Essay Research Paper Hester free essay sample

Hester Prynne 2 Essay, Research Paper Hester Prynne is the supporter of the novel # 8220 ; The Scarlet Letter, # 8221 ; which was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850. This novel, taken topographic point in a little Puritan town, Tells of a immature wedded adult female who commits a disgraceful offense and has to confront her rough effects. Hester Prynne traveled to the little Puritan town without the company of her hubby. Her hubby had presently been analyzing medical specialty in far off states, and had planned on run intoing his married woman, Hester, subsequently on. When Hester arrived to the new town, she did non rather fit in with the other Puritan adult females. She was excessive in her presentation and was non accustomed to the modestness of the Puritan life style. She was, # 8221 ; tall, with figure of perfect elegance. She had dark and abundant hair, besides being beautiful in face, she had the grandness belonging to a marked forehead and deep black eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Hester Prynne 2 Essay Research Paper Hester or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was lady-like, characterized by a certain province and dignity. # 8221 ; ( Hawthorne p.276 ) All of this beauty drew the attending of the Puritans towards her. Although Hester # 8217 ; s beauty was noticed by many, it was captured specifically by the immature Reverend Dimmesdale. Hester was besides drwan in byt he immature and fine-looking Reverend. Their passion for each other became excessively much for them to with-stand, and the offense of criminal conversation was committed. Hester became impregnated by her adultere and was sent to prison as the strong belief for her offense. Hester remained in the prison until her babe was born. She named her girl Pearl, significance, # 8221 ; a great treasure. # 8221 ; This was a suited name for Hester # 8217 ; s girl because Pearl genuinely was a hoarded wealth to her female parent. Upon that twenty-four hours, Hester and her babe were brought before the Puritan community to have Hester # 8217 ; s ageless penalty and besides to uncover the male parent of her kid. Hester # 8217 ; s penalty was non merely her imprisonment during her gestation, but she was besides forced to have on an embroidered vermilion missive # 8220 ; A # 8221 ; patched on the thorax of her vesture. The missive # 8220 ; A # 8221 ; stood for # 8220 ; Adultery. # 8221 ; This missive was for the intent of a reminder, and embarrassment to the perceiver, and a jeer for the townsfolk. Hester was to have on the vermilion missive â€Å"A† at all times. This did non look to embarrass Hester the slightest spot, for she was haughty and had a determined spirit of hope. As for the disclosure of Pearl’s male parent, Hester did non make bold to destroy the repute of the adult male she loved, and so she refused to talk his name. Hester merely ignored the townsfolk and accepted her penalty. Throughout the narrative Hester non merely kept the individuality of her kid # 8217 ; s father anon. , but besides did non uncover who her hubby was. She did this for the interest of salvaging the work forces # 8217 ; s embarrassment. Although, Hester # 8217 ; s fornicator was non kept a secret forever. In the decision of the narrative, Dimmedsdale was driven by his compunction to uncover his overpowering wickedness that he had committed with Hester Prynne. That is where the guilt of the wickedness was wiped off. No secrets were held, and Hester felt free. Hester Prynne underwent many alterations throughout the narrative. The symbolic attractively embroidered missive # 8220 ; A # 8221 ; is what brought on some of her biggest alterations. No longer did Hester # 8217 ; s vermilion missive obtain its # 8217 ; original significance, but alternatively it stood for # 8220 ; Able, # 8221 ; strong with a adult female # 8217 ; s strength. The consequence of the symbol, in the head of Hester Prynne, was powerful and curious. # 8220 ; All the visible radiation and graceful leaf of her character had been withered up by this juicy trade name, and had long ago fallen away. # 8221 ; ( Hawthorne, p.379 ) Her face now, was described as # 8220 ; marble coldness # 8221 ; ( Hawthorne, p.380 ) which was to be attributed to the circumstance that her life had turned from passion and feeling to idea. Hester Prynne had taken the grief and penalty of the iniquitous offense and had learned how to be a adult female of strength. Hester had long earlier learned what had taken Dimmesdale so long to obtain: # 8220 ; Be true! Be true! Show freely to the universe, if non your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred! # 8221 ; ( Hawthorne, p.384 )

Sati System Essay Example For Students

Sati System Essay SATI ABOLISHED†¦ December 5, 1829 , Calcutta, PTI. Yesterday after the debate of 11 years , The sati regulation Act which declared the practice of sati, or suttee, or of burning or burying alive the widows of Hindus, illegal and punishable by the criminal courts by Lord William Bentinck. , governor general of all of British-ruled India. In 1817, Mritunjaya Vidyalamkara, chief pundit of the Supreme Court in Calcutta announced that sati had no sanction in the ancient texts and, in 1818, Lord William Bentinck, the governor of Bengal, banned the practice. The Prevention of Sati Act makes it illegal to abet, glorify or attempt to commit Sati. Abetment of Sati, including coercing or forcing someone to commit Sati can be punished by death sentence or life imprisonment, while glorifying Sati is punishable with 1–7 years in prison. Within the Indian culture, the highest ideal for a woman are virtue, purity, and allegiance to her husband. This custom in which a woman burns herself either on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband or by herself with a memento after his death is now referred to as sati or, in England, as suttee. In the original meaning, Sati was defined as a woman who was true to her ideals. A pious and virtuous woman would receive the title of Sati. In past few years things are changing in India especially in two provinces Bengal and the Bombay Presidency. The changes that began from this period were to have a huge impact on past few decades. In 1815, a pamphlet written in Bengali caused quite a stir in Calcutta. It was on the evil custom of sati and was written by Ram Mohan Roy had been speaking up for reforms in society, the need to improve the condition of women especially, and, equally important, to ensure that women received an education. Mr. Roy petitioned the government, published pamphlets, and travelled to England to appeal before the British Parliament to ensure the ban on sati. The more conservative groups in society were opposed to what they thought was an intrusion into the traditional customs and ways of people. Mr. Roy attempted to beat these conservative elements at their own game; when they insisted that sati had the sanction of religion, he quoted the scriptures too, to emphasise that none of the ancient Hindu texts ever sanctioned sati. He underlined the fact that the occurrence of sati showed how much society had ‘degenerated’. In response to this, 128 pundits published a manifesto arguing that Roy’s opinion was only that of a minority, and that the government could not defy religion and ban sati. He had gathered a lot of evidence, especially from the ancient Hindu scriptures and law books called the shastras, to show that sati was not obligatory and was in fact the least virtuous act a widow could perform. And that it had meaning only if it was done voluntarily. Mr. Roy later translated the 1815 pamphlet into English. While conservative, orthodox elements argued that sati allowed women who lacked virtuous knowledge to acquire such knowledge and gift it to their families Roy argued that women anyway possessed virtuous knowledge, for their lives showed that they were infinitely more self-sacrificing than men. Attempts to limit or ban the practice had been made by few individual British officers few years back but without the backing of the British East India Company. The first formal British ban was imposed in 1798, in the city of Calcutta. The practice continued in surrounding regions. But finally yesterday i. e. on 4 December 1829, the practice was formally banned in the Bengal Presidency lands, by the governor, Lord William Bentinck.

Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft Essay Example

Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft Paper Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft were both born in the 18th century, within 47 years of each other, and both were regarded as important philosophical thinkers of their time. Jean Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva, Switzerland in 1712; his father was a watchmaker and his mother died while giving birth to him. His father Isaac, who taught him to read, and appreciate the countryside, consequently brought up Rousseau. His father had to leave Geneva when Rousseau was 10 years old to avoid going to prison; he was then brought up by his aunt and later by an uncle. In his writings The Confessions he recalls only happy memories of his childhood, although to the reader it does have some strange features such as not being allowed to play with children of his own age, Never once, until I left my fathers house, was I allowed to run out alone into the road with the other children (The Confessions: Book 1, 1953, pp21). When Rousseaus father had to leave Switzerland, he was put into the care of his Uncle Bernard, who had a son of Rousseaus age. Together they were sent to a place called Bossey to board with a pastor called M. Lambercier, for an education. Up until this point Rousseau had had a childhood with no formal education at all. Rousseau also recalls his time at Bossey with fond memories, and claims; The manner of my life at Bossey suited me so well that if only it had lasted longer it could not have failed to fix my character for ever. (The Confessions: Book 1, 1953, pp25). After leaving Bossey and spending a few years living with his uncle, he was sent at the age of thirteen to be an apprentice engraver. We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He lived here for about three years before running away at the age of sixteen to travel across Europe, where he becomes a Catholic briefly before converting back to Protestantism. Rousseau ended up in Paris, leading a somewhat unsettled life, where he eventually died in 1778. He left behind him a cult following, his name and writings became infamous during the French revolution. Mary Wollstonecraft was born in 1759 to John Edward Wollstonecraft, who was a tyrant and a bully, and Elizabeth Dixon. She was the second child of six. She had an elder brother; Edward and four other siblings were born after her, James, Charles, Eliza and Everina. They were brought up as Anglicans. Wollstonecrafts paternal grandfather owned a silk weaving business, and her maternal grandfather was a wine merchant. In 1765 her paternal grandfather died leaving the silk weaving business to her father. However her father was a bit of a snob and he didnt care very much for being a tradesman, so he took the money from the business and invested in farming. This had disastrous consequences as her father knew nothing of farming, and the family spent their time moving from one farm to another, leaving their debts behind them. Between the years 1759 and 1776 they had moved about the country on numerous occasions and tried their hand at farming at places such as Epping, Whalebone, Essex, Yorkshire and Wales. By the end of the 1770s the family fortune was at very low ebb. In 1775 Mary Wollstonecraft met Francis (Fanny) Blood, who became her closet friend and companion until her death in 1785. Her mother died in 1782, and in 1784 Mary Wollstonecraft, her sister Eliza, and Fanny opened a new school in Islington, where they were joined by her other sister Everina. After Fanny Bloods death Wollstonecraft returned to find the school had suffered in her absence, so she closed it and turned her mind to writing by way of making a living. In 1786 she earned herself ten pounds after her first publication, which was a pamphlet entitled Thoughts on the Education of Daughters. Mary Wollstonecrafts life was changed, as was most of the world, by the French Revolution in 1789, and went to live in Paris in 1792 to witness first hand the effects of the French revolution. Wollstonecraft went on to produce many more important writings during her lifetime, one of her most famous being A vindication of the rights of women. Wollstonecraft died on 10th September 1797 of childbed fever 11 days after her second child was born. In 1798 William Godwin, her husband published a book called Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft, which seemed to have a negative effect on her popularity. Jean-Jacques Rousseaus ideas on childhood and education were considered quite revolutionary at the time, and even today they continue to be quite controversial. Rousseau was famous for being a social critic; he felt that social life corrupted human nature. Rousseau strongly believed that: We are all born good, but civilisation turns us all into moral slaves. (Lecture notes, 13/10/03) It is upon this belief that Rousseau wrote one of his most controversial pieces in 1762, which was a novel called Emile. This book was based on Rousseaus thoughts that people developed through various stages and that different forms of education may be suitable to each specific stage. Rousseau alleged it was possible to sustain the original nature of the child by careful control of his education and environment. This was done through a close investigation of the different physical and emotional stages through which the child passed from birth through to maturity. Geraint Parry mentions in the book Emile: Learning to Be Men, Women, and Citizens that: It is intended to portray an ideal of education that is as close to nature as it is possible to attain in the world as we now find it. (The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau, 2001, pp249) In Emile, Rousseau divides the childs development into five stages, and a book is devoted to each. The five stages are: Stage one Infancy (birth to two years), Stage two The age of Nature (Two to Twelve years), Stage three Pre-adolescence (Twelve to Fifteen years), Stage four Puberty (Fifteen to Twenty years) and Stage five Adulthood (Twenty to Twenty Five years). (www. infed. org) The books that are most fundamental to Rousseaus belief of childhood being a crucial phase of self-development are books one, two and three. Rousseau attempts to show the reader how a persons self-development can be determined by the way he is educated in his childhood. Rousseaus belief that society was corrupt fuelled his ideas on education. Geraint Parry mentions in Emile: Learning to be Men, Women, and Citizens that The significance of education for Rousseau is that it seems to offer a means of solving one of the central dilemmas of his social and political thought. A fundamental objective is to create a virtuous circle in which transformed human beings could live in a transformed society (The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau, 2001,pp248) Rousseau says in book one of Emile: We are born sensitive and from our birth onwards we are affected in various ways by our environment. As soon as we become conscious of our sensations we tend to seek or shun the things that cause them, at first because they are pleasant or unpleasant, then because they suit us or not, and last because of judgements formed by means of the ideas of happiness and goodness which reason gives us. (Emile, 2003, pp7) Rousseau backs this idea up when he writes his Confessions later in his life when he recalls some of his childhood memories, one in particular of his time at Bossey when he was chastised by Mlle Lambercier for a wrong doing and found that the experience of being beaten by her wasnt as bad as he had first thought it would be, and he goes on to say: Who could have supposed that this childish punishment, received at the age of eight at the hands of a woman of thirty, would determine my tastes and desires, my passions, my very self for the rest of my life,.. (The Confessions, book one, Penguin 1953, pp26) It is clear from Rousseaus writings that he strongly believed that Childhood is a crucial phase of self-development. Much of his work was read and admired by Mary Wollstonecraft. She was born nearly fifty years after Rousseau, but his writings on education were something that Wollstonecraft admired: the ideas she had begun to acquire about education, filtered down from Rousseau (The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft, Claire Tomalin, Penguin 1992, pp49) Wollstonecraft was seen as very insightful, in the sense that she longed to bridge the gap between mankinds present circumstance and an ultimate perfection. She was beyond doubt, a child of the French revolution. She saw a new age of reason and compassion close at hand. Wollstonecraft, in her writings, attempted to undertake the huge task of helping other women. Helping them to fight for a better education did this. Which in turn helped them to achieve a better life, not just for themselves, but also for their children and even their husbands. In reality it took more than a century before society sat up and took notice of her beliefs and put her views into effect. Mary Wollstonecrafts experience in childhood and as a young woman, in a class-bound and male-dominated society, influenced and shaped the ideas she would later develop into a feminist argument. (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Penguin 1992, pp2) It is possible to see that Wollstonecrafts own childhood experiences have shaped her beliefs on childhood as a crucial phase of self-development. Unlike Rousseau, however Wollstonecraft is primarily concerned with the childhood and education of females. This is because in 1784 she opens a school for girls in Newington Green, near Islington. Wollstonecraft quickly became convinced that the young women they were trying to teach had already effectively been enslaved into submissiveness to men through their previous social training. As there were no qualifications that were needed to become a teacher sadly this venture failed, but it did lead her to start writing about her ideas on childhood and education, especially for women and girls. In 1786 Wollstonecraft was published for the first time. She earned herself ten pounds from the publication of a pamphlet called, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters. In this publication she proposed to intentionally explore the enlightenment ideals to include education for women; because she believed their rational natures were no less capable of intellectual achievement than were those of men. Wollstonecraft was for a short time a Governess to the Kingsborough family in Ireland. The position of a Governess was a hard one. She was employed to bring up the children of the Kingsborough family. Wollstonecrafts experiences in her childhood and as a young adult no doubtedly had an effect on her ideas about childhood being a crucial phase of self-development. In the introduction to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman it states; Mary Wollstonecraft may have been recalling her own childhood when her narrator in Maria The Wrongs of Woman says that her mother was a vague and uncertain figure. She seemed to dote on her oldest son, a boy, (Penguin 1992, pp3) it is clear from this quote that Wollstonecrafts childhood experiences, especially those with her mother and father have stayed with her into her adult life. It has shaped her very ideas and thoughts on how parents should show affection and bring up their children. She has dedicated a whole chapter to Parental Affection in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Wollstonecraft writes very clearly about parental affection, and she also makes it clear where she believes parents are going wrong with their children; Parents often love their children in the most brutal manner, and sacrifice every relative duty to promote their advancement into the world. (Penguin 1992, pp270), Wollstonecraft is trying to make the point to her readers that the child will only suffer if it is brought up in this manner. The parents will rob the child of the vital stage of having a proper childhood if they neglect everything else while pushing their children to become the child genius they dream of them becoming. Wollstonecraft goes on later in the chapter to describe the qualities of a good mother, which she lists as; To be a good mother, a woman must have sense, and that independence of mind which few women possess who are taught to depend entirely on their husbands. (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Penguin 1992, pp272), Wollstonecraft is trying to reiterate that to have any hope of being a good effective mother, a woman must be in possession of good sense and have her own mind. A woman must also be independent from her husband, Wollstonecraft felt that if a woman relied too much on her husband it would effect her abilities as a mother, this is backed up by what she states later in the chapter; Meek wives are, in general, foolish mothers; wanting their children to love them best, and take their part, in secret, against the father, who is held up as a scarecrow. (A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Penguin 1992, pp272). In conclusion it is clear to see from both Jean-Jacques Rousseaus and Mary Wollstonecrafts writings that they both believed that childhood was a crucial phase in a persons self-development. It was important for them to try to relate their beliefs to the general public which is why they emphasise it in their books, and also the reason that they write about it so successfully is because of their own personal experiences in their own childhood which seems to have provided them with a solid base to work upon in their adult life.

Sample Ways to Quote in an Essay

Sample Ways to Quote in an EssayAn essay is very easy to come up with and many students are not that good at writing them. It is very likely that you have heard that it takes lots of practice to get good at a specific skill, but is it true? The simple truth is that there are ways to make your work easier and get more practice time writing your essays.Before I give you some samples of how to get practice time on essays, let me tell you about an idea that my wife and I started using for over a year, which we found to be very effective. The idea was to start writing every day to try to complete an essay at least a week ahead of time. I will say that this worked so well that we have since made it a rule to work on our writing as often as possible and on the weekends as well.We would spend the rest of the evening getting to know a topic, gathering our own research and drawing from all the ideas we had gathered that week. To help me write, I would watch documentaries and talk to experts in a particular field. This is just one example of what you can do to get your writing down. You can also try going out with friends to discuss the topic of the essay and also practice reading and writing.If you are like most people, when you get home after a long day of work, it is very easy to find a few minutes to review what you have written. When you do this, take a break and then go back and check for errors. Once you feel that you are confident enough, it is time to start writing. You can use the moment to discuss what you have learned.There are many other ways to get practice on your English language, for example, visiting the library and looking through the books and magazines on your topic. You can also use the time to study on your subject. You can visit online forums or chat rooms where you can get to know others who have worked on similar topics as you. Try talking to them, ask them what they thought and learn from them.Another difficult part about writing a paper is that it seems to be very easy for you at first. You think you will be able to work on it with ease, but then you forget what you did and then you spend even more time correcting what you wrote. That is why I like to say that you should spend time reviewing what you wrote before starting to work on your essay. This will ensure that you do not forget your lesson.If you are getting ready to write your essay, start by looking at your topic and thinking about what you want to say. Do not go on to make a long, drawn out argumentation, simply write what you think and feel. You do not need to devote too much time on your essay, just ensure that you spend at least 15 minutes on each section and then continue on with the next one.

Informal Essay Topics Up-to-Date and Debatable Issues

Informal Essay Topics Up-to-Date and Debatable Issues Once you are given a task to write a paper on the informal essay topic, the only thing you have to remember is that the informal essay writing topics are written mostly as a made up story of your own. When you start working at the informal essay topic the first thing you have to do is to choose a topic of the essay. By taking a particular question or a problem, you have to understand how it will be presented in your informal essay topic. While writing the informal essay you don’t have to obey strict rules, but you have to show the beginning and the end of the story, absolutely clear to you and your professor. Choosing the informal essay topics you have to decide how much information you will present. Also you have to consider if it is mostly a story or a descriptive manner of you informal essay topic. When you choose the informal essay topic you have to consider the interests of those who are supposed to read it. The informal essay topic has to be informative and interesting. You don’t have to do much research on the informal essay topic, as it must be mostly your personality and attitude to a specific question or a problem. The main goal and value of the informal essay topic is to deliver your inside and thoughts to the reader. Such topics for informal papers can be: Relationships between parents and children AIDS: the plague of the 21st century Love and friendship 20th century great poets Teenagers’ alcoholism Marriage and divorce Living between the lines School or home education? Life on the Moon Being a member of the society To get the best possible result, the topic on the informal essays should be chosen most closely to the topics discussed during your lectures and studies. The informal essay topics have the wide range of possibilities to express your thoughts and attitudes. No deep and specific knowledge of the sciences is needed. Using some quotes in you informal essay topic must be cited and referenced.

The Great Recession 2008 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Great Recession 2008 - Term Paper Example According to the research findings the 2007 global financial crisis has had serious impacts on the economies of many countries, resulting to what economists call the Great Recession. The downturn began initially as an isolated problem with the sub-prime sector in the US housing market, mutating to a serious and fatal recession by the beginning of 2008. Consequently, other nations especially in the European Union followed the US into the crisis by mid-2008. In essence, 2009 was the first recorded year in history that the global economy was actually in recession since the Second World War. Interestingly, the recession came as a surprise to many economists, investor, academics, policy-makers, and multilateral agencies. For instance, Organization for Economic Co-operation Development’s Jean-Philippe Cotis was quoted as speculating further growth in the global economy because of the buoyancy of emerging economies and favoring financial conditions. After the economy drove into reces sion, the economics profession was under fire for failure to predict the financial downturn. As a result, there were few intellectual conversations taking place between scholars of like minds. Therefore, the underestimation of the severity of the global downturn was not surprising. Indeed, some leading financial forecasters like World Bank and International Monetary Funds revised their initial to their growth forecasts in 2008 and 2009. Nonetheless, there were warnings from a few economists of a brewing economical disaster. A portion of the economist predicted a looming recession based on economic models where the accumulation of the private sector was the central cause. However, their cries were not significant enough for the majority of the lulled individuals. Despite all these, the warning signs were blinking red: loose monetary policy especially in the US, lax in financial regulation, misperception of risk and search for yield, and huge current deficits in UK, US, and other supe r economies that accumulated huge savings of oil exporters and emerging economies. Events of 2008, with emphasis on the collapse and consequent closure of Lehman Brother, reversed the perceptions of risk-taking banks (Clungston, 2008). However, the complexity and nature mortgage-backed securities left most banks in the dark concerning the exact level of liabilities that was linked to the severing housing sector in the US. Thus, liquidity of most banks dried up, literary bringing the global financial system to a halt. Some critiques were quick to question the survival of the American-style capitalism. Governments in developing and advanced countries were quick to react aggressively, injecting obscene credit amounts into their financial markets, reducing interest rates, nationalizing banks, and unveiling stimulus packages to increase discretionary spending. Most policymakers were determined to avoid mistakes from previous crises, and their response was important avoiding disastrous de pression in most countries,

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of Essay

Reflective and action plan evaluating positive and negative aspects of the experience(my experience - Essay Example During my tenure at the ministry, I was responsible for the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. Occasionally I could accompany the tax collecting team to assist them, especially when the workload was more for them. This way, I also got an opportunity to meet and interact with different types of entrepreneurs, managers and business people, allowing me to enhance my communication skills while also learning some relevant business skills. Nevertheless, there are numerous challenges that come with such a job position, or any other job that entails dealing directly with clients (Brink and Berndt, 2004, p.77). While dealing with clients directly, tolerance and patience are some of the vital aspects that an individual should possess since some clients are uncooperative, while still others lack understanding. Thus, my tenure at the tax department has prepared me well for any future responsibility. Discussion Working is a responsibility that entails diverse concepts, as opposed to being a one-sided issue. While being recruited at the Saudi Arabian ministry of finance, Department of Tax, the consideration was made for the position of a clerical officer, whose responsibility entailed the maintenance of records and making correspondences with the clients and other relevant stakeholders of the department, through sending and receiving mails. However, in the course of my tenure in the department, it became apparent that employees, regardless of the job position they have been recruited for, must be flexible and adaptable to the multi-faceted working environment, which requires them to undertake some responsibilities which were not part of the initial job description, based on the prevailing circumstances. Thus, an individual is forced to switch roles and tasks, depending on how the situation and the expectations changes (Mintzberg, 1989 p72). Having been recr uited as a clerical officer responsible for maintenance of records and making correspondences, I ended-up working as a member of the tax collection team, whenever the team was over-burdened by the workload, or under circumstances where there was little clerical work to be undertaken. Additionally, I was delegated some duties that ought to be managerial duties, which included representing my seniors in certain meetings. Therefore, the first significant experience that I obtained from working in the Tax department of the Saudi Arabian ministry of Finance is flexibility and adaptability to changing situations and organizational needs, which can see an employee engaging in a responsibility that is totally different, from the initial responsibilities, as indicated under the job description (Brink & Berndt, 2004 p43). The next invaluable lesson that I learnt during my tenure in the Tax department is the value and the role of teamwork and interpersonal relationship within an organization. While every employee is recruited as an individual into an organization, there is no way in which the employee can fulfill the duties and responsibilities